审美认识中“主客二分”的重新审视与评价——兼与生成本体论美学商榷

Rethinking and Reevaluating the Subjective-objective Bisection in Aesthetic Cognition

在近年来国内关于审美认识的研究中,由否定"主客对立"进而取消"主客二分"的思维方式,成为一种突出倾向和强势话语。其实,"主客二分"在人类认识活动包括审美认识中具有积极作用和重要地位。传统的"主客二分"并不一定等于"主客对立",也可能包含"主客交流",以"主客对立"为由否定"主客二分"未必符合事实。现代哲学美学生成论肯定"主客交流",未必取消"主客二分"。"主客二分"对应的是本质论、唯物论、客观美、共同美,"主客交流"对应的是生成论、唯心论、主观美、差异美。在人类文明探寻真理的认识活动和把握美本体的审美认识活动中,认识主体与客观对象的分别无法取消,也不应取消。只有破除非此即彼、唯我独尊的绝对化思维方法,坚持亦此亦彼、多元共存的辩证法,将"主客交流"与"主客二分"、"生成论"与"本质论"加以互补,将"美怎样呈现"与"美是什么"结合起来研究,才能给中国美学带来真正的生机。

The thinking mode of denying ＂subjective-objective contradiction＂ and canceling ＂subjective-objective bisection＇ has shown a strong trend in recent national aesthetic cognition. In fact, the ＂subjective-objective bisection＂ plays a positive and important role in humans＇ cognition including the aesthetic cognition. Traditional ＂subjective-objective bisection＂ with no proof equals ＂subjective-objective contradiction＂, and it may embody ＂subjective- objective communication＂. Thus, it may be unreasonable to deny ＂subjective-objective bisection＂ just in name of ＂subjective- objective contradiction＂. The modem philosophical aesthetical formation confirms ＂subjective-objective communication＂, not meaning to cancel ＂subjective-objective bisection＂. The latter corresponds with essentialism, materialism, objective beauty, and mutual beauty, while the former corresponds with formation, idealism, subjective beauty and beauty in diversity. We can＇t and shouldn＇t cancel the difference between the subject of cognition and the objective in the progress of exploring truth and understanding the noumenon of beauty. Only by means of abolishing the egoistic ＂either-or＂ absolutization, sticking to the diverse ＂both-and＂ dialectics and complementing the ＇ subjective-objective communication＂ and ＂subjective-objective bisection＂ and the formation and essentialism, and combining ＂how to present beauty＂ and ＂what is beauty＂, can we bloom Chinese aesthetics.