5Gralnek IM,Jeresen DM,Kovacs TO, et al . The economic im pact of esophageal variceal hemonhage: Cost-effectiveneas im plications of endoscopic therapy[J]. Hepatology , 1999,24:44-50.
3Yang MT,Chen HS,Lee HC,et al. Risk factors and survival of early bleeding after esophageal varieeal ligation[J]. Hepatogastroenterology, 2007,54(78) : 1705-1709.
4Zhang C,Thabut D,Kamath PS,et al. Oesophageal varices in cirrhoticpatients: from variceal screening to primary prophylaxis of the first oes-ophageal varices bleeding [J ]. Liver Int, 201 !, 31 ( 1 ) : 108-119.
5Tsokos M,Turk EE. Esophageal variceal hemorrhage Presenting as sudden death in outpatients [J]. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 2002,126 (10) : 1197-1200.
6Harewood GC,Baron TH,Song LM. Factors predicting success of endoscopic variceal ligation for secondary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding [J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2006,21 (2) : 237 -241.
7Dahl M. Nurses:An image change still needed[J]. Int Nurs Rev, 1992,39 (4) : 121-123.