关于实验心理学中推理的现代心理测量方法(英文)

Modern Psychometrics for the Experimental Psychology of Reasoning

推理测验与推理实验不同。推理测验用来衡量智商;而推理实验则用来研究推理的心理过程。测验旨在找出能力的个体差异;而实验则意在突出所有个体的一般性心理过程。近年来,心理学中的推理已经发生了变化,我们在理论进化方面简要地总结了如下这些变化:关注点从推理任务中的反应过程变为个体对不同任务做反应时的差异和其中稳定的反应模式,开始考虑不同推理者的组织差异和数量差异(犹如不同游泳运动员的游泳动作和肌肉数量)。然而,这些理论创新必须有精确的建模技术的支持。我们将以条件推理材料为例,展示了现代心理测量方法可以帮我们解决理论创新中产生的三类主要的研究问题。

Reasoning tests, as used in the measure of intelligence, are not reasoning experiments, as used in the psychology of reasoning. Tests are meant to capture individual differences in ability; experiments are meant to highlight general mental processes, which all individuals are expected to engage. Reasoning tests assume that everybody is different; reasoning experiments used to assume instead that everybody was the same. In recent years, though, things have changed in the psychology of reasoning. Theoretical evolutions that we briefly summarize have shifted the focus from the modal response in reasoning tasks （the one most people usually give） to issues of individual variability in responses to various tasks, stable individual patterns of response across different tasks, and to considerations of structural differences between reasoners, in addition to quantitative differences. These theoretical innovations must be fueled with refined modelling techniques. We show how modern psychometrics can help us solve three broad research questions pertaining to the new theoretical agenda, which we illustrate with conditional reasoning materials.