从政治领导权、意识形态领导权到话语领导权——拉克劳、墨菲的领导权理论

From Politics Hegemony,Ideology Hegemony to Discourse Hegemony:the Hegemony Theory of Laclau and Mouffe

领导权理论是拉克劳、墨菲的后马克思主义理论的核心。拉克劳、墨菲认为,马克思主义思想史上有两种社会历史观念,占主导地位的是社会客观性和历史必然性的观念,另一种则是领导权理论所体现的社会历史观,它突破了社会客观性和历史必然性的逻辑;而认为在马克思主义的历史中,首先是列宁提出了政治领导权的理论,尔后葛兰西则进一步提出意识形态领导权的理论。拉克劳、墨菲正是在列宁、葛兰西的思想的基础上,进一步创新领导权概念。他们超越了列宁的政治领导权和葛兰西的意识形态领导权,走向话语领导权,完成了自称为马克思主义社会历史观的哥白尼式革命,颠覆了社会客观性和历史必然性的观念,解构了马克思主义的经济决定论和阶级斗争论,表现了一种随机性、偶然性、非决定性的后马克思主义的社会历史观。

The theory of hegemony is the core of the post-Marxism of Laclau and Mouffe, upon which they construct their post-Marxist theory. Laclau and Mouffe posit that there are two conceptions of social history in the developmental history of Marxism. The dominant conception emphasizes the view of social objectivity and historical inevitability, whereas the other conception is represented by the theory of hegemony which transcends the logic of social objectivity and historical inevitability. Laclau and Mouffe assert that Lenin was the first to formulate the theory of political hegemony and then Gramsci advanced the theory of ideological hegemony in the developmental history of Marxism. Laclau and Mouffe produce a new theorization about hegemony on the basis of the formulations of Lenin and Gramsci. They surpass Lenin＇s theory of political hegemony and Gramsci＇ s theory of ideological hegemony and move towards the theory of hegemony of discourse, which turns out to be what they call a Copernican revolution in the Marxist theorization on social history. The theory of hegemony of discourse refutes the conception of social objectivity and historical inevitability, deconstructs the Marxist theories of economic determinism and class struggle. It is a version of post-Marxism which emphasizes randomness, contingency and indeterminism in the development of social history.