血吸虫病流行地区农村卫生厕所状况分析

Analysis on Situations of Sanitary Latrine Construction in Rural Areas of Schistosomiasis Prevalence of China

目的了解我国血吸虫病流行地区卫生厕所施工方式和建造人员的状况以及其对卫生厕所建造质量的影响。方法在湖南、湖北、江西、安徽、江苏、云南、四川7个省,每省随机抽取2个血吸虫病流行县,每县选取2个完成改厕的流行村,1个未完成改厕的村,进行村级调查。在已经完成改厕的村,每村随机抽取30个农户进行现场调查。结果家庭卫生厕所为村里组织或上级委派的施工队建造的占90.3%,参与卫生厕所建造的施工单位(个人)有90.0%经过了相关的专业技术培训,有67.5%具有建造资质,上级单位委派施工队建造的三联式沼气池式卫生厕所占74.0%,村委会组织施工队建造的三格化粪池式卫生厕所占89.8%,34.4%的三格化粪池式卫生厕所地下部分建造设计和49.3%的三格化粪池式卫生厕所第一、二、三格容积比例符合《血吸虫病流行地区农村改厕技术规范(试行)》要求。结论中国血吸虫病流行地区农村,由上级政府委派施工队和村委会组织施工队建造是家庭卫生厕所建造施工的主要方式,三格化粪池式卫生厕所地下部分的合格率偏低,第一、二、三格容积比例不当是影响三格化粪池式卫生厕所地下部分建造质量的主要因素,应该加强施工队伍的培训和施工的监督管理。

Objective To understand implementation situations of sanitary latrine construction and assess it＇s influences in rural areas of Schistosomiasis prevalence. Methods 2 villages finished Sanitary Latrine Construction and one village without Sanitary Latrine in every two counties from 7 provinces, including Huoan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Yuunan and Siehuan, with schistosomiasis prevalence were selected randomly.30 house- holds in the villages were randomly selected for the survey. Results 90.3 % of the sanitary latrines were built by the construction working teams which organized or supervised by the village eommittees or higher-up. 90.0% of the workers have technical training experiences, while 67.5 % of i them have been eert/ficated. 74.0% the sanitary latrines with three-unit methane pool have been constructed by the working team accredited by high- er-up organizations, while 89.8% of those with three-grid-cesspools were built by the working teams organized by the village committees. 34.4% of the design and implementation of underground parts and volume proportion of the three grids of the toilets with three-grid-cesspools meet the requirements of Technical Criterion of Sanitary Construction in Schistosomiasis Epidemic Areas （protocol）. Conclusions Sanitary latrines were mainly built by construction teams organized by village committees or higher-up departments in schistosomiasis prevalence areas. The qualified rate of the design and implementation of the sanitary latrine with three-grid-cesspools is still low in the parts of underground parts because of unsuitable proportion of cesspool grids. Therefore, training and supervision for construction design and implementation should be strengthened to guarantee quality of sanitary latrines .