中国洞穴甲壳动物多样性及其对洞穴环境的适应性

DIVERSITY OF THE CAVE-DWELLING CRUSTACEANS AND THEIR ADAPTATION TO THE CAVE ENVIRONMENT IN CHINA

简要阐述了洞穴环境的研究现状以及洞穴动物的生态特征,初步探讨了中国洞穴甲壳动物的形成过程、多样性、地理分布以及对洞穴环境的适应性。截止到2008年10月,我国已记录的洞穴甲壳动物(主要指十足目虾类和端足目钩虾类)共有33种,分别隶属6科10属,主要分布在贵州省、广西省等喀斯特洞穴密集地区。洞穴甲壳动物由于长期生活在洞穴的黑暗带,食物匮乏,水温恒定,CO2浓度过高,且O2浓度相对较少的环境中,其在形态结构、消化系统、生理及行为等方面逐渐表现出与地表甲壳动物不同的适应性特征。如:眼缺失、体无色、触角和附肢显著增长、新陈代谢减慢、代谢率小,昼夜节律降低,不能调节体温,生活步调放慢,寿命长,发育周期长等。

This paper reviews the research status of the cave environment, the ecological characteristics of the cave crustaceans. As well as discusses the formation, diversity, geographic distribution and adaptive to the life in cave of Chinese cave-dwelling crustaceans. Up to Oct. 2008, a total of 33 cave-dwelling crustaceans species （mainly refer to Decapoda Shrimps and Amphipoda Gammarids） were recorded in China, belonging to 6 families 10 genera, and mainly distributed in Guizhou, Guangxi provinces which are the karst cave-intensive areas. Because of long-term living in a perpetually dark cave without light, with little food, invariable temperature, high CO_2 concentration, and relatively small O_2 concentration, AAthe cave-dwelling crustaceans exhibit the adaptations on shape structure, digesting system, physiology and behavior displays, such as reduction or loss of eyes, reduction or loss of cuticular pigment, elongation of the tentacles and legs, reduction in metabolic rate and circadian rhythm, body temperature cannot adjust, life step is slow down, long life, long growth period and so on.