南极磷虾渔业管理及其对中国的影响

Management of Antarctic Krill and Its Implications for China's Distant Water Fisheries

南极磷虾资源量较大,但开发技术要求高。2008年我国有关政策明确了"支持和壮大远洋渔业",开发南极磷虾在一定程度上可以为我国远洋渔业提供一个新的机遇,并可缓解我国管辖海域渔业资源压力、为国内养殖业提供饲料来源。捕捞与加工技术的发展以及养殖业对饲料需求的增加,将会促进各国对南极磷虾资源的开发。南极生物资源养护委员会从1991年开始制定有关磷虾的养护措施。对于确定磷虾渔业,其养护措施规定的内容主要有:作业方式的准入、预防性捕捞限额、触发水平、渔期、观察员、数据收集、海洋环境保护等。探捕渔业需要得到养护委员会的批准方可进行,且在数据收集等方面比确定渔业严格。预计未来的磷虾渔业管理在数据报告、观察员覆盖率、提前通报等方面将严格规范,并对科学投入的要求越来越高。在此情形下,我国开发磷虾资源需要国家和企业间合作。国家需要增加对南极渔业生产的经济、技术支持,同时加强对企业及渔船管理;企业需要严格遵守各项养护措施,及时、准确报告有关数据,配合国家履行国际义务。

Antarctic krill （Euphausia superba） is abundant in the Southern Ocean, and is crucial for Antarctic ecosystem. Exploitation of Antarctic krill might have substantial impacts on the whole ecosystem there. Current major fishing nations include Japan, Republic of Korea, Norway, Poland and Russia; and fishing ground is primarily located in 48 Area of the Antarctic. Policies publicized in 2008 by Chinese government has made it clear to encourage and support the development of China＇ s distant water fisheries in the coming years. The engagement of Chinese fishing vessels in Antarctic krill fisheries would offer new opportunities for China＇ s distant water fisheries, alleviate to some extent fishing pressure within sea areas under the jurisdiction of China and provide a source of feeds for China＇ s aquaculture industry. Development of fishing and processing technologies and expanding demands for feeds make it possible to further exploit Antarctic krill by interesting countries. The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources （CCAMLR）, established by the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, has adopted a great many of conservation measures in relation to krill since 1991. In 2008/2009, exploratory fishery and established fishery are available, whereas no country applied for new fishery. As for established fishery, conservation measures involve access of fishing methods, precautionary catch limit, trigger level, season, observers, data collection, marine environment protection, etc. No country is allowed to participate in exploratory fisheries until gets permission from CCAMLR. Furthermore, the requirement for data collection with respect to exploratory fisheries is more stringent in comparison with established fishery. It is expected that the regime with regard to data collection, observer coverage and prior notification will be improved and be more stringent in the near future, and scientific input is to be further enhanced. Given the fact that exploiting krill is under strict management and needs advanced technologies in exploitation and processing, it therefore needs close cooperation between Chinese government and its industry in order to make successful the future participation of Chinese fishing vessels in Antarctic krill fishery. Governments are expected to support fishing industry with favorable policies in finance and technology development on the one hand, and to enhance its control of activities of fishing enterprises and their vessels on the other hand. Fishing industry must comply with relevant conservation measures adopted by CCAMLR, timely and accurately reporting for instance.