中国北方古建油饰彩画中绿色颜料的光谱分析

Spectral Analysis of Green Pigments of Painting and Colored Drawing in Northern Chinese Ancient Architectures

古建油饰彩画中颜料成分的分析鉴定是古建维修、保护的重要基础工作。文章利用X射线荧光分析、X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜-能谱分析技术,首次系统地分析检测了来自北京、山西、甘肃等中国北方地区的27个古建油饰彩画中的绿色颜料。结果表明,其中15个样品使用了巴黎绿这种含铜、砷的人工合成颜料,其余样品未检测出矿物颜料,显色成分应为人工合成的有机物。在所有分析样品中未检测到古代常用的绿色颜料石绿和氯铜矿的存在。该研究工作开辟了光谱分析技术应用于古建油饰彩画颜料鉴定的新领域,为该类文物分析鉴定、修复材料的选择提供了科学数据。

It is important to identify pigments of painting and colored drawing in ancient architectures in order to restore and con- serve them. The components of green pigments were detected with X-ray diffraction （XRD）, X-ray fluorescence （XRF） and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray （SEM-EDX）. Twenty-seven samples were collected from painting and col- ored drawing in northern Chinese ancient architectures in Beijing, Shanxi province and Gansu province. The experiment results showed that emerald green [CuCHaCOO]2·Cu（As（）2）22, a complex of copper aceto--arsenite pigment, had been used as the colored component in fifteen samples, whereas organic materials synthesized in the rest. However, in all samples there were no malachite and atacamite, green pigments commonly used in ancient time a long time ago. These two pigments have been found in Qin Shihuang＇s Terracotta Army and the wall paintings at Mogao Grettoes, Dunhuang, and some other famous wall paintings and color pottery figurines. However, emerald green was used many years later. It was reported that emerald green was synthe- sized by Germany in 1814 and had been widely used in China as watercolor on pith paper works and on scroll paintings since the 1850s. Because painting and colored drawing in ancient architectures stands outside, under sunlight and rain, it must be repaired and rcpainted in less than fifty years. Therefore, it is not surprising that emerald green was used in them. In recent years, artifi- cial organic materials are increasingly used in painting and colored drawing in ancient architectures. From experiments it was also showed that in the same reeolored painting and colored drawing, organic materials are usually in the later layers, but emerald green is in the earlier layers. This work supplies a lot of data for the purpose of selecting restoration materials and identifying painting and colored drawing in ancient architectures with a new method.