唐代后期藩镇与州之关系新解

Study on the Relationship between Defense Command and Prefecture in Late Tang

中国古代地方行政体系的分水岭出现在唐代后期。由于藩镇的特殊性质,使其凌驾于州之上却不是正式的一级行政建置。这种地方行政体系对宋代路的出现有直接的先导作用,且对元、明、清省级行政区划的发展影响深远。唐代后期朝廷、藩镇、州之间,存在虚实结合的"三角关系",地方实行"二级制"而非"三级制"。藩镇的正式行政区划性质,从始至终都没有在唐代法令中得以确认,而朝廷与州的上通下达却时时被强调。藩镇若与朝廷对抗,则竭力控制属州;朝廷若要削弱藩镇,则促使与州的直达。唐代后期至北宋初期,藩镇与州的角色发生了深刻变化,即藩镇渐弱而州渐强。这种变化非一朝一夕之功,肇始于唐代后期,延及五代,至北宋才得以彻底扭转干坤,属州脱离藩镇控制,直隶朝廷。

It was in late Tang that the watershed of Chinese ancient local administration system has appeared. Because of the special characters, the defense commands were placed above the prefectures, but not an official administrative organization. This kind of system directly led to the circuits of Song Dynasty, and had a far-reaching influence on the provincial administrative divisions of Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. There was a triangular relationship among royal government, defense commands and prefectures. The defense commands＇ feature of formal administrative division was never affirmed in law. To oppose royal government, defense commands tried to control prefectures, while to weaken defense commands, royal government tried to keep direct touch with prefectures. Thus during late Tang and early Song, the place of defense commands and prefectures changed greatly： defense commands were weaker but prefectures were stronger. In fact this change had existed for a long time from late Tang to Five Dynasties, instead of a short time. Finally in Northern Song Dynasty, prefectures directly subordinated to the royal government beyond control of the defense commands.