晚明塾师的“觅馆”与“聘期”——兼及塾师生活模式及其职业精神的演变

Employment of Private School Teacher in Late Ming Dynasty——Also on the Transformation of Their Life Style and Professional Spirit

"觅馆"是塾师职业生活中一项重要的内容。塾师职位的获取,一般需要一定的社会信用关系进行担保,诸如亲属宗族、师徒友朋、乡缘地缘等社会关系在塾师的职业获取过程中扮演了十分重要的角色。随着晚明社会变迁及塾师职业竞争的加剧,塾师的职位获取成本增加,而职位的稳定性却明显削弱,使频繁的"觅馆—失馆—再觅馆"成为塾师一种较为常见的生活模式。这不仅成为晚明师道日降的一个重要原因,同时也进一步深化了塾师以"济读资生"为主,而非自我价值实现的职业观念。因此,在晚明社会变迁中,塾师终未能如其他职业群体那样,形成一种职业的群体性的内在聚合。

The employment of Private School Teacher requires some social relations such as relatives, teachers and fellow-townsmen as credit guarantee in late Ming Dynasty. With the development of society and the severe competition among Private School Teachers, the cost of job obtained increases, but the stability of job decreases. Frequent ＂employment-unemployment-reemployment＂ becomes the common life style of them, which leads to the corruption of Private School Teacher＇s professional ethics. It is just a way to make a living, but not a way to realize self value. Therefore Private School Teacher does not become a real social profession group like the businessman which has an innate converging power as a profession in late Ming Dynasty.