4E.von Hippel:The Sources of Innovation[M].Oxford University Priss.1988.
5R.Axelrod:The Evolution of Cooperation[M].New York:Basic Books.1984.
6张五常.卖桔者言[M].成都:四川人民出版社.1998.
7E.Mansfield:How rapidly does new technology leak out[J].Journal of Industrial Economics,34,1985:217-224.
8E.Mansfield:Patents and innovation:an empirical study[J].Management Science,32(2),1986:173-181.
9R.Levin,R.Klevorick,R.Nelson and S.Winter:Appropriating the returns from industrial researchand developmenf[J].Brookings Papers on Economic Appropriating the returns from industrial researchand development[J].Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,3,1987:783-820.
10K.Arrow:Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention,in The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity[C],National Bureau of Economic Research,Princeton,NT.1962:609-625.
