摘要
Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) is a more effective remote sensing data source for rice recognition and monitoring than optical remote sensing in the regions with more wet and cloudy sky due to its all-weather, all-time, high resolution and wide covering characteristics. This paper summarizes SAR types and their feature used for rice study, introduces the backscattering model for rice monitoring, and analyses the main factors influencing backscattering coefficient. The studies of rice recognition and monitoring based on SAR in domestic and abroad are reviewed and the futures in the related areas are prospected.
合成孔径雷达(SAR)具有全天时、全天候、高分辨率、大幅面监测地物的特征,利用SAR在阴雨天气多、云量大的水稻种植地区开展水稻识别、监测和估产具有光学遥感无可比拟的优势。目前基于雷达对水稻进行识别和监测的研究多用ERS/SAR、RADARSAT/SAR、ENVISATASAR等,其多是以民用或军民两用为主的星载合成孔径雷达。在用SAR数据监测水稻时,其后向散射系数来自4个方面:①入射波直接被水稻散射回去,即直接散射项(D-BS);②入射波经水稻层的散射到达水面后,经水面反射到水稻层,经水稻层衰减回到雷达(SRE);③入射波经水稻层衰减到达水面,经水面反射回到水稻层,经水稻层散射回去(ERS);④入射波经水稻层衰减到达水面,经水面反射到水稻层,经水稻层的散射改变方向下行,再次经水面反射到水稻层,并经水稻层的衰减后回到雷达(W-R-W)。其中,后向散射系数的主要来源是SRE项和ERS项。SAR数据后向散射系数不仅要受到水稻物候期、植株高度、生物量、含水量等的影响,也受到自身入射角、波段、极化方式等的影响。一般地,水稻后向散射系数总体上是先随水稻生长增大,然后略有下降;水稻生长早期,后向散射系数随入射角波动的幅度较小,在水稻生长后期,后向散射系数随入射角波动的幅度变大,波动起伏次数增加;L波段和C波段的后向散射系数表现基本类同,但值要小很多,X波段则与L、C波段的表现相差较大。已有研究中大部分采用同极极化方式的后向散射系数作为研究对象。VV极化的后向散射系数变化比较平滑,HH极化的后向散射系数变化比较复杂。随着雷达卫星技术的发展,多极化、多模式、特殊波段将更能突出星载SAR的优势,拓宽SAR的应用范围,为进一步分析、识别和检测目标提供更有力的工具。
基金
Supported by a Grant from the Spatial Sample Selection and ManagementSystem for the Sample Survey in Rural Areas(2006AA120103)~~