战争中的符号暴力——以二战时期日本军人切腹自杀为例

Violence of the Symbols in the War——According to the Case of Hara-kiri Made by Japanese Soldiers During World WarⅡ

纵观整个日本战争史,军人自杀作为一种极端个人行为,背后常常具有深刻的社会因素与时代因素。其重点不在于自杀行为本身的意义与作用,而在于身处特定环境里的军人自杀行为的选择及运用方式的取舍背后所蕴涵的社会动因——符号暴力。借用布迪厄"符号暴力"及其相关概念,重点探讨日本极端军国主义分子利用日本的传统国民性宣扬并阐释战争的正当性的过程,通过教育机制,尤其是学校教育,鼓动日本民众积极参战并誓死效忠,甚至不惜以切腹自杀的方式表示尽忠的决心。其特色在于选取特定的民族——日本,特定的自杀方式——切腹为研究主体,着重阐述日本教育的"符号暴力"——软暴力的形成以及这种暴力在日本战争年代的特殊作用。切腹自杀只作为本文的一个引例,例证这种暴力的意义与作用。

Hara-kiri is a special field in search of Japanese culture. This essay focuses on the hara-kiri in the war, especially in the Second World War. In this study of the relationship between hara-kiri and the ＂silent（symbolized） violence＂ transmitted by education, the author attempts to combine the educational system which passes on the hidden symbolized violence with the practice of hara-kiri which makes the soldiers became the advocates of the militarism. Further more, as a special pattern or rite of death which is a part of reproduction of power system in the war, hara-kiri is very ruthless, but as a kind of personal behavior of extremity, the Japanese soldiers accepted it naturally. This situation is attributed to the social and historical factor. This essay is to discuss the function of symbolized violence which commits suicide in that way by the Japanese soldiers who are the members of Yamato ethnic group.