中国的生态服务消费与生态债务研究

Human's Consumption of Ecosystem Services and Ecological Debt in China

人类无节制的消费正在耗尽自然生态资本,危及未来繁荣。1980—2005年,尽管生物生产力提高途径使中国人均生物承载力倍增至1.15 ghm2,但由于社会经济代谢对生态服务需求的强烈增长特别是化石能源消费的快速增长,人均生态债务持续扩大,2005年达到1.02 ghm2。我们的生态足迹已经超出生物更新能力的89%。省份尺度上,中国85%以上的省份长期处于生态负债状态,目前仅海南、福建与西藏三省是生态盈余的。中国及其大多数省份的生态债务本质上属于软债务,主要系生态服务供需存在空间的、时间的以及组分结构的矛盾造成的。这部分债务可通过跨区贸易及跨时占用的途径得以缓解。土地资源赋存约束与经济旺盛增长耦合作用,致使生态信贷紧缩已成为中国的一个全国性挑战。在自然资本普遍成为世界各国发展限制因子的背景下,中国全面推行科学发展观,积极扭转生态信贷紧缩,遏止生态衰退。

Human＇s reckless consumption is depleting the world＇s natural capital to a point where we are endangering our future prosperity. Accounting ecological footprint, bio-productive capacity and ecological debt of China during 1980 -2005 shows that China has encountered an increased ecological debt with its value of 1.02 ghm2 in 2005 due to increased demand for ecological service of socio-eeonomic metabolism especially on fossil fuels though its bio-productive capacity per capita doubled to 1.15 ghm^2. Demand for ecological service, or ecological footprint, in 2005 exceeded China＇s earth＇s regenerative capacity by 89%. At the provincial level, 85% of China＇s provinces have been in ecological debt in the long term and now only three provinces of Hainan, Fujian and Xizang are in ecological surplus. China and most of its provinces are in soft ecological deficit due to the contradictions between ecological service supply and demand in spatial, temporal and components structural dimensions. Such a type ecological debt might be mitigated or eliminated by appropriating the current or future global commons or buying hidden ecological service through international or interregional trade channel. China is heading for an ecological credit crunch as the integrated consequence of its natural constraint of land use base to bio-capacity and rapid economic growth. Against the backdrop that natural capital has been among the limiting factors to world＇s economic development, China earnestly established the scientific development concept and implemented multiple effective activities to reverse ecological＇credit crunch＇ and curb ecological recession.