乙腈的化学合成研究进展

Advances in synthesis of acetonitrile

乙腈可由一氧化碳氨化氢化、低级烃氨氧化或与氰基化物反应、乙醛肟脱水、乙醛氨化脱水、乙醇氨化脱氢或氧化以及乙酸氨化脱水等化学方法合成。按上述分类对化学合成乙腈各种方法所需催化剂的基本组成以及反应的基本工艺条件进行了简单介绍。讨论了各种方法的优劣以及工艺的成熟程度,认为由一氧化碳、低级烃为原料制备乙腈需利用或伴生剧毒氰化物,不利于工业化生产;由乙醇氨化脱氢和乙酸氨化脱水法适于工业化生产。特别对乙醇氨化脱氢法进行了较详细的讨论,并对工业化工艺流程进行了简介。

Acetonitrile can be synthesized from amination-hydrogenation of carbon monoxide, ammoxidation or reaction with cyanides of low molecular hydrocarbons, dehydration of aldoxime, amination-dehydration of acetaldehyde, aminationdehydrogenation or ammoxidation of ethanol, amination-dehydration of acetic acid, etc. The basic composition of the catalysts and the reaction conditions of the above processes are introduced in brief. The merits and demerits, and the maturity of the processes are discussed in this paper. It can be concluded that when carbon monoxide and low molecular hydrocarbons are used as the raw materials for the synthesis of acetonitrile, high toxic cyanides must be employed or generated as by-products. Therefore, they are not suitable for industrial production of acetonitrile. However, the processes of amination-dehydrogenation of ethanol and aminatiorrdehydration of acetic acid can be used in industrial production of acetonitrile. The process of aminationdehydrogenation of ethanol is especially discussed and the flow chart for the production of acetonitrile is given in brief.