20世纪美国应对机动性的交通构想及高速公路发展历程

Planning for Cars in Cities:Planners,Engineers,and Freeways in the 20th Century

为了阐述20世纪除汽车机动性外,交通发展经历的最重要的进程——城市高速公路的出现,考察了过去100年来美国城市交通规划的历史。通过回顾各种研究资料,认为资助州际公路发展所采用的方法使联邦和州公路工程师成为主管,这影响了公路的选线及设计。联邦公路工程师只关注机动车通过效率的最大化,而在很大程度上忽略了城市的其他利害关系。没有先进的规划理念指导、过度建设、稀疏、放射环状的道路网对于加强机动性取得了极大的效益,但通常要为此付出巨大的社会和环境成本。最后指出,在实践中要重新审视具有百年历史的协调交通与土地利用规划的观点,而且,公共财政权宜之计式的政治决策方式将对工程、出行和城市形态产生深远的影响。

We consider the history of U.S. urban transportation plan- ning over the past 100 years, to explain the evolution and legacy of the single most important transportation development of the past century save automobility itself： the emergence of the urban fi＇eeway. We reviewed primary and secondary material, including plans, manuscripts, newspaper accounts, and scholarly articles and books. We ar-gue that the method used to fund interstate highway development put federal and state highway engineers in charge, and this affected highways＇ location and design. State highway engineers imposed a narrow, traffic-service oriented vision on metropolitan freeways that focused on maximizing vehicle throughput and largely ignored other urban concerns. With too little advance thought, overbuilt, sparse, ring-radial networks were routed through neighborhoods in cities around the country, often at great social and environmental cost. Though the system has undeniably conferred great benefits in terms of enhanced mobility, the costs have been high as well. A century-old vision of coordinated transportation and land use planning has resur- faced in practice, but in the meantime politically expedient decisionsabout public finance have had unanticipated, but profound and long-lasting effects on projects, travel, and urban form.