财政交易、意识形态约束与激进公有化：中国1950年代的政治经济学

Fiscal Transaction,Ideological Constraints and Radical Nationalization:The Political Economics of China’s 1950’s

在1949年建国之后,国家决定实施新民主主义的经济政策,以便在最高纲领与现实约束之间取得平衡。但是,短暂的执政实践迅速修正了国家先前关于新民主主义经济的态度,并由此导致了50年代一场朝向全面公有化的产权变革。这次产权变革在方向上是朝向公有化的,在时序推进上是激进的,在变革倾向上是高度意识形态化的。而所有这些,无不与1978年以来朝向民营化的渐进改革具有一种结构上的对称性。本文表明,50年代的激进公有化,是一个"财政能力—治理能力"处于"低水平均衡"中的传统国家在遭遇外部危机时的自然反应。

After the founding of P. R. C in 1949, the central authority compromised between the socialist ideology and institutional constraints by implementing the new-democratic economy which consists of both public sector and private One. BUt the policy practice during 1949--1953 rapidly revised the central authority＇ s attitude towards the new-democratic economy. This led to a radical transformation to socialism. Contrast to the gradual privatization after 1978, the radical 1950＇ s exhibited a symmetrical structure, such as nationalization vs. privatization, radicalism vs, gradualism, idealism vs. pragmatism. We argue that the radical nationalization in 1950＇s is a spontaneous reaction when a traditional state whose ＂financing-governing＂ capacity trapped in a low level equilibrium encountered severe external threats.