日本《禁止垄断法》罚款及其减免制度研究——兼谈对我国《反垄断法》相关制度的借鉴

On Japan's Antimonopoly Act's Fines and Its Leniency System——And discuss the relevant system of China's Antimonopoly Law

在日本,禁止垄断法上的罚款制度除剥夺垄断行为不正当经济利益外,还具有行政制裁的性质。该制度适用于不正当交易限制和支配型私人垄断,并且仅限于与价格有关或可能影响价格的行为类型。根据不同的产业领域及经营者规模对垄断行为设定固定的、同一的罚款比率,起算点从违法行为实施之日起开始计算,公正交易委员会无任何自由裁量权。为了解决不正当交易限制行为隐蔽、难以取证的执法困境,日本于2005年引入并建立了完善的罚款减免制度。

In Japan, the Antimonopoly Act＇s fines not only deprive the illegitimate economic interests from monopolistic behavior, but also are of the nature of administrative sanction. They are applicable to unreasonable restraint of trade and private monopolization, which are limited to pertaining or affecting the consideration of goods or services. According to different industrial fields and entrepreneur scales, the Fair Trade Commission, which isn＇t of any discretionary power, shall order the entrepreneur to pay the fixed and same ratio fines, which period begins at the date on which the entrepreneur effected the business activities constituting the act. In order to solute the difficulty to found and prove the unreasonable restraint of trade, Japan established the leniency system of fines in 2005.