东平汉墓壁画制作工艺初探

The Preliminary Study on Making Process of The Murals of Han Tombs in Dongping

2007年10月,在山东省东平县的三座汉代墓葬发掘过程中,发现了部分石质壁画。它们主要位于墓室的门口和墓室内四壁,墓葬结构规整,壁画内容丰富,布局匀称合理,保存完好。墓顶绘制云气纹和金乌,门楣、墓壁以人物画像为主,间以鸡、狗等动物形象。内容有敬献、谒见、斗鸡、宴饮、舞蹈等场面,各类人物形象多达48人。其中绘制于门楣内侧的12个人物形象神态各异,眉须飘然,栩栩如生。画面色彩艳丽,造型比例匀称,线条简练流畅,刻画细腻精美,形态生动逼真,反映出汉代画匠高超的艺术水准和绘画技巧。通过观察发现这些壁画没有地仗,只是在凿刻过的石灰岩石上涂抹一层很薄的白灰粉底,然后直接作画。经过分析,壁画的白灰层中含有大量铅元素,疑似铅白。这与一般白灰层使用的白垩和石灰水有所不同。并且壁画中许多表面颜料层下面还有一层粉红色的颜料层,这是重绘现象还是颜料层变色现象,都有待研究和探讨。该文将对这些壁画的制作工艺进行初步探讨,希望对汉代石质壁画的研究提供一些参考。

Some stony murals were found in the excavation of three Han Tombs in Dongping County, Shandong Province in October, 2007. They are mainly located at the entrance and the four interior walls of the regular and complete tomb. The murals have rich contents, reasonable symmetry layout and were well-preserved. The cloud patterns and Jinwu（a crow was drawn in a circle, which stands for the gold sun） was drawn on the dome of the tomb. Character portraits were separated by the chickens, dogs and other animal images on the door head and walls. The main contents include consecrating, visiting, cock fighting, banquet and dance scenes. Various characters are as many as 48 people. Among them, the 12 lifelike character images on the lintel inside have varied manners. Gorgeous color screen, the shape of symmetry, concise lines smooth, beautifully delicate portrait, vivid lifelike shape, which all reflects the Han Dynasty painter＇s excellent art standard and painting skill. The paintings were drawn directly on a very thin lime layer which was covered on the limestone. The analysis shows that there was a high level of Lead content which was suspected of white lead in the white lime layer of the murals. The way of using chalk and limewater is different from the common white lime layer. And the use of pigments is different from common murals, too. Furthermore, there is a pink layer of pigment under the surface of many murals. This phenomenon is redraw paint or discoloration of the phenomenon, waits for studying and the discussion. This paper will make a preliminary study on the process of these murals. The author hopes to provide some references on the study of stony murals Of Han Dynasty.