中国古代彩绘艺术中应用青金石颜料的产地之谜

The Producing Area of Hecub a Juno Application of Lapis Lazuli Pigment of Polychrome Arts on Ancient China

青金石(lazrite;Lapis lazuli)是中国古老的传统玉石之一,其化学组成为(Na,Ca)(?)(Al,Si)_(12)(O,S)_(24)[SO_4,Cl_2(OH)_2]。由于青金石具有美丽的天蓝色,所以,我国古代很早就把它作为彩绘用的蓝色颜料。据调查研究,我国现有10多个省、市、自治区的石窟寺等遗址中保存的彩绘艺术品中都应用了青金石颜料,例如新疆、甘肃、陕西、青海、宁夏、河南、山东、山西、辽宁、四川、重庆等从发现青金石的石窟位置来看,大都是丝绸之路上的佛教文化遗址。丝绸之路也被称为宝石之路。通过对敦煌石窟所属莫高窟、西千佛洞、安西榆林窟、东千佛洞等石窟的北魏、西魏、北周、隋、唐、五代、北宋、回鹘(Uigur)、西夏、元等十余个朝代的洞窟中取样,经采用X-射线衍射(XRD)、X荧光(XRF)分析,证明在北魏至元的石窟壁画、彩塑艺术中都应用了青金石颜料。采用扫描电镜(SEM)及其电子探针(EPMA)对历代青金石颜料的显微形貌、晶粒或颗粒大小、晶界情况、物相组成、晶相、微量元素等进行了分析。采用质子激发X荧光(PIXE)分析方法分析了敦煌、麦积山、炳灵寺石窟等不同石窟、不同朝代的青金石颜料,获得了该颜料的定性定量分析结果,对青金石颜料中所含的Mn、Cr、As、Ti、Sr、Sb、Zn等微量元素作了讨论,又与XRF、XRD、SPMA分析结果作了对比,并与阿富汗、独联体等国外青金石矿产品分析结果进行对比研究。

The lazritc; Lapis lazuli was one of the earliest semiprecious stones to be used by man. Its chemical composition is （Na,Ca）7-8（AlSi）12（O,S）24[SO4,C12（OH）2] - It was used as a brilliant blue pigments in the ancient times. Research showed that the grotto temples and sites distribute in more than 10 provinces, cities and autonomy districts of China, which Polychrome Arts such as XinJiang, Gansu, Shaanxi, Qinghai, Ningxia, Henan, Shandang, Shanxi, Liaoning, Sichuan, Chongqing and so on. Lapis lazuli handicrafts and ornaments and ornament form Rome were carried into China along the old Silk Road, or ＂Thesauri Road＂ These articles were used as gifts and tokens of goodwill. At the grotto at Dunhuang is found some of the earliest and most abundant use of lapis lazuli pigments. Paint samples taken from the Mogao Grottoes, the western Thousand Buddha caves of Dunhuang, and the Anxi Yulin Grottoes, and the Eastern Thousand Buddha Caves were studied by x-ray diffraction （ XRD ） and x-ray fluorescence （ XRF ） analysis, which confirmed that lapis lazuli was used in the paintings in the grottoes and in colored statues from Northern Wei to Yuan dynasties. The results of analysis indicated that lapis lazuli was used for blue pigments in mural paintings and polychrome sculpture from Northern Wei to Tang dynasty. The granule size, crystalline state, phase composition, and trace elements of lapis lazuli of different periods were also identified by scanning electron microscopy （ SEM ） and electron microprobe analysis （ EPMA ） . Particle induced x-ray emission （ PIXE ） analysis yielded accurate quantitative and qualitative trace element profiles contained in lapis lazuli from different caves and dynasties in the Dunhuang, Maijishan, and Binglingsi Grottoes and etc. The distribution of trace elements such as Mn, Cr, As, Ti, Sr, and Zn shown by different methods of analysis are compared and discussed. XRF and XRD were applied to compare samples from Afghanistan and Russia with the Chinese samples.