埃及晚期的木基质彩画:赛加拉和法国博物馆(英文)

Egyptian polychromy on wooden objects from the Late Period:Saqqara and French Museum

埃及文明在矿物方面的知识总是超出了我们的想象。这方面就包括使用多种黄色矿物绘制颜色相近的色彩。对这些颜料的准确鉴定将拓展人们在彩画方面的研究。画家所使用的颜料非常丰富,除了同时代直接从埃及地面采集的自然颜料外,还有大量像埃及蓝这类合成颜料的应用。对法国的这些藏品的研究将使人们可以追溯几个世纪以来这些颜料的演变和替代过程以及一些从其它地区尤其是东方国家引进颜料的过程。一些颜料的稳定性及其它特性使得其保存状况令人惊讶。卢浮宫博物馆在塞加拉的任务是进行一个埃及晚期(公元前378年-公元前341年)典型群葬墓的发掘工作。发掘出的木质棺材上记载了该墓葬的埋藏时间是Nectanebo二世法老执政的第2年,这是埃及第三十王朝的最后一任法老。该研究涉及以木质为基材的出土物,它包括二十个完整的或破碎成碎块的像盒子一样的棺材。研究通过在双筒显微镜下对文物进行微量取样,而后将样品进行扫描电子显微镜-能谱分析以及显微拉曼光谱分析,从而确定样品中矿物的成分。此外还对样品进行微量化学分析以确定其残存的痕量胶料。彩色颜料包括埃及彩画同时代的传统颜料——黑色,白色,红色,黄色,蓝色,绿色和镀金,同时还包括一些不常见的粉红色或橘色颜料,它是一种外来的、易碎的颜料,成分为五硫化二砷,又称雄黄。

The mineral knowledge of Egyptian civilization often exceeds our first thought with the use of several yellow ores for close tints and the fine identifications of colours bring to widen the polychromy study to concepts touching with symbolism, commercial exchanges or with workshop secrets. The painter palette is particularly rich, employing at the same time natural materials directly extracted the Egyptian ground, while attaching the same value to the synthetic pigments like Egyptian blue. The study of the French collections made it possible to reveal the palette evolution through the centuries, with the substitution of some materials or the importation of new colour coming from foreign territories, particularly Eastern countries. But their state of conservation wonders about the stability or the originality of some coloured materials. The mission of the Louvre museum in Saqqara proceeded to the excavation of a typical collective tomb from the Late Period （378-341 BC） and an inscription on the Imhotep wooden sarcophagus dates its burial： the year 2 of Nectanebo II, last Pharaon of XXXth dynasty. The material of this study relates to funerary material on wooden support, it means twenty whole or fragmentary sarcophagi as well as boxes. The microsamples were all observed under binocular magnifying glass, then analyzed by SEM-EDS and Raman microspectrometry for the mineral part. Mierochemieal tests were carried out in order to highlight traces of binders. The chromatic palette includes not only traditional colours in Egyptian polychromy-black, white, red, yellow, blue, green with gilding-but also less usual tints like pink or orange, using a foreign and fragile arsenic sulfide, the realgar.