清代督抚监司监察制度的弊端与异化

The Malpractices and Alienation of Supervision System in the Qing Dynasty

清代在各省设置督、抚和藩、臬、道等各级监司,这种制度与现代政治中的地方行政分层制度性质不同,主要职能在于督导、规范州县官行政。督抚监司在督导监察州县行政方面各有其权责。然而,这种制度的实际运作效果却不理想,不仅未能实现其督导和监察州县行政的本旨,反而造成许多严重的弊端,发生了严重"异化"。它严重干扰了州县政府的行政,给州县带来沉重的经济和精力负担。督抚监司制度实行的结果,一方面限制了州县官的施政权力,消磨了他们的施政积极性、主动性;另一方面,却未能阻止他们剥民、虐民。中国传统政治单纯通过"以官制官"的体制内监察,无法解决政府运作的规范与廉洁问题。

In the Qing dynasty supervision system was set up at all levels. Different from that in the modern times, this system was used to superintend and direct the administration, but this system was not ideal in practice, making many malpractices and bringing about some burdens to economy and spirit. In the one hand, it didn＇t obstruct the worse administration, and in the other, the practices of exploiting and abusing the civilians still continued. In conclusion, the system of＂ officials supervising officials＂ can not solve the problem of corruption.