村落共同体的当代命运:四个观察维度

Contemporary Forture of Rural Communities:Four perspectives

去社会学化、去社会理论化的村庄研究忽略了以下四个问题:(1)在批判社会学的视野里,村庄面临市场力量的持续冲击,后者要求土地和劳动力全部从共同体中分离,纳入作为价格形成体系的市场。故村庄转型的核心问题就是听任市场力量,还是保留村落共同体。(2)在专业社会学的视野里,如果承认现代社会还需要小型、地方性共同体的存在,以满足非市场经济性质的互助与交换,并发挥情感和社会认知方面的功能,就意味着要承认村落共同体的农业经济支撑条件在现代可能松动剥离,但它作为社区共同体仍然是正常的现代社会的基本资源;它能否在空前复杂的推压力量下采取恰当的"过海策略",实现与社会的联结,首先取决于国家和社会把何种社会视为正常。(3)在公共社会学的视野里,地方性共同体是否被视为公民社会的敌人,首先取决于公民社会被视为应基于方法论个人主义之上还是方法论社群主义之上。从后一立场看,恰当的村落共同体不是公民社会的敌人。(4)在政策社会学的视野里,国家应该在允许农村劳动力向城市转移的同时,积极发展乡村社区,并且在解决城乡社区的经济社会不平等问题的基础上发展城乡社区衔接,避免加快城市化与建设新农村两大国家战略之间出现断裂。

De-sociology and de-social-theory of village studies are ignorant of at least the four following issues. 1) From perspective of critical sociology,villages confront forces of market,which requires the separation of land and labor from community and their incorporation into market. So the core issue of village transformation is whether surrendering to forces of market or retaining village community. (2) From perspective of professional sociology,admitting the assumption that modern society still needs small and local community means acknowledging factors such as infrastructure for agricultural economy of village community might be loosened and deprived,but as a community,it remains essential resources of normal modern society. Whether it could adopt appropriate 'sea channel strategy' to attain ties with society,depends on which kind of society is seen as normal by state and society. (3) From perspective of public sociology,whether local community is seen as enemy of civil society relies primarily on whether civil society is considered on basis of methodological individualism or communitarianism. From the latter position,appropriate village community is never the enemy of civil society. (4) From perspective of sociology of public policy,when state let rural labor migrate to cities,it might develop rural community vigorously,and develop rural-urban linkage on the premise of resolving economic and social inequality between rural and urban community to avoid breakdown of strategies between acceleration of urbanization and construction of new rural community.