“以头偿目”与“踌躇之路”——鲁迅与卡夫卡话语世界比较

"Head for Eyes" and "Hesitant Road"——The Comparison between the Discourse World of Lu Xun and Kafka

在鲁迅与卡夫卡的话语世界中,"但是"、"然而"等反意连词的使用都极为频繁,这种表达上的特点与克尔凯郭尔的"反思性的悲伤"的概念深为契合。不同的是,鲁迅的话语世界有着血气充盈的"在场"感,显得血性十足,迅疾、直接、凝聚,同时也存在着高度悖论化的倾向;而卡夫卡的话语世界却是一派简洁而又神秘的"延宕"感。这种话语风格的不同源于两人价值观选择上的歧出,"以头偿目"与"踌躇之路"是对这两种价值观的最好概括。所谓"以头偿目",是指鲁迅拒绝接受任何虚设的价值高标("上帝"之类),执著于现在,把自我的生命本身作为自己反抗绝望与虚无的养料;所谓"踌躇之路",是指卡夫卡拒绝了走向信仰的行动尝试,在写作中高度抽离具体的历史感,留连于令人惊异的细致描写,努力将绝望感本身延宕成为异样的文本世界。

In the discourse systems of Lu Xun and Kafka, the adversative conjunctions, such as ＂but＂, ＂however＂ and so on, were both used frequently. These linguistic styles, in ours views, correspond to Kierkegaard＇s concept of ＂reflective sorrow＂. In Lu Xun＇s discourse there is a high inclination of paradox and a strong feeling of presence, intensely and densely. However, in that of Kafka there is a simple and mysterious sense of deferment. The difference originated from their difference in values. One view is ＂head for eyes＂ and the other is ＂hesitant road＂. Lu Xun refused any hypothetical sublime value standard （such as God）. He based himself on present and took his own life to strive against desperation and nihility. However, Kafka refused to move towards faith. In his writings he detached concrete historical sense, dwelled on amazing detailed description and try to extend hopeless into unusual textual world.