目标状态与时间信息在情境模型加工中的作用

The Functions of Goal State and Temporal Information on Situation Model Processing

采用移动窗口和记录探测句阅读时间的实时阅读技术,对情境模型中目标状态与时间信息的关系进行了探索。运用重复测量的实验设计进行了三个实验,实验发现(1)在顺序发生的事件结构中,未达成目标作为持续追踪的焦点,使得时间转换增大的条件下,也不会对信息的整合产生影响;而对时间距离的表征不仅起到了提高速度的作用,而且也没有产生时间距离的远近效应。(2)同样是在顺序语篇中,无目标和目标达成条件下,随着时间转换的增大,则出现了时间转换的大小效应,也出现了时间距离的远近效应。(3)在回溯事件的建构中,读者把回溯事件表征为时间距离的背景信息,目标促进了信息的整合。

Situation model is the deep representation of text reading combined with readers＇ background knowledge,which involves several dimensions,of which goal state and time representation are most important.A goal is an effective mechanism of foregrounding,and tracing the goal helps to comprehend the causality of the story （Zwaan,1998）.Although recent research of time representation focuses on the temporal shift and temporal distance,most studies repeatedly verified Anderson,Garrod,and Sanford＇s （1983） scenario model and Zwaan＇s （1996） strong iconicity assumption.Kelter et al.（2004） found the far-close effect of temporal distance and differentiated tracking as temporal distance from a fresh start as temporal shift.Claus et al.（2006） preliminarily explored the relationship between temporal representation and the construction of flashback events.To date,however,no study investigated the relationship between goal state and time representation,and in fact,whether temporal information is continuity or interruption counters for utilizing,continuously tracking,and integrating goal information.Hence the present study is to explore the functions of goal state and temporal information on situation model processing.A total 174 eighth grade students participated in this study,with 60 participants in experiment group 1,60 in experiment group 2,and 54 in experiment group 3,respectively.Using moving window and recording the time of recognition sentence technique,three experiments were designed to explore the functions of goal state and temporal information on situation model processing on Pentium III computer,using E-Prime software.Subjects were required to self-regulate their reading.When subjects finish reading one sentence and press the space key,next sentence emerged and the former sentence disappeared.After finishing one text,the emergence of a red ＂？？？？？＂ prompted subjects to answer a comprehensive question about the text.The reaction time of probe sentences were recorded and analyzed with repeated measure MANOVA.The results of experiment 1 indicated that the goal state and temporal shift were interrelated to each other.In the conditions of null goal and completed goal,the larger temporal shift took the subjects more time to read the probing sentence;furthermore,different time shifts （small and large） have varied effects on situation model processing.In the condition of uncompleted goal,however,there was no significant difference in the time used for the probing sentence with small or large temporal shift.In experiment 2,reading with the probing sentence in the condition of uncompleted goal was faster than that in the condition of null goal and completed goal;reading with the probing sentence in the condition of small temporal distance was faster than in the condition of large temporal distance.Additionally,when the temporal distance became larger,the reaction time of reading with probing sentence in the condition of uncompleted goal did not differ significantly from those in the condition of null goal and completed goal.In experiment 3,when the factor of goal was given in the form of flashback events,the main effect of goal state on information integration was significant：reading with the probing sentence with no goal was faster than that in the condition of null goal and completed goal.To conclude,this study found that：（1） in the sequential event structure,uncompleted goal,i.e.,the focus of continuously tracking,cannot help the integration of the text information in the condition of increasing temporal shift;uncompleted goal accelerates representing the information and no far-close effects appear.（2） in the sequential texts,in the condition of no goal and completed goal,large-small effects with increasing temporal shift and far-close effects of temporal distance are evidenced;in the process of constructing the flashback events,the reader represents the flashback events as the background of temporal distance,and the goal enhances integration of information.