从佛教内道场看宋朝的政教关系

The Relationship Between the State and Religions in Song Dynasty Indicated by Inner Dojang of Buddhism

所谓佛教内道场,是指皇宫内举行佛教祈祷活动。宋朝虽以重文崇儒著称,但除个别时期(如宋徽宗崇道抑佛)外,对佛教大抵采取尊崇态度,皇宫内时常举行各种类型的道场。宋朝举行内道场的缘由主要有:祈雨、祈晴、祈丰收,统治者病危祈复康,统治者死丧祈超升,为统治者祝寿,为国祈福等。内道场没有固定举行地点,但有些宫殿较经常地成为举行道场之处,皇宫内有些设施则专门是为佛教而兴建的。内道场的内容带有很强的为社会服务、为国家服务、为政治服务的色彩。僧人也以能赴内道场为荣。这些情况反映了政教关系方面的新变化:一方面封建国家积极引导宗教为维护其统治服务;另一方面,宋代佛教徒也逐渐认识到,为社会、为国家、为政治服务对于维持宗教的生存和发展是必要的前提。一些不从事物质生产的宗教人士,他们由于以特殊的方式为社会、为国家、为政治服务,已有向职业化演变的趋向。

The inner dojangs of Buddhism refered to Buddhist praying rites performed inside imperial palaces. Various dojangs were often held in the imperial palace since Song Dynasty was noted for Buddhism was roughly paid homage to, except for some particular periods like the time of Huizong who paid homage to Daoism but repressed Buddhism. In Song Dynasty inner dojangs were held to pray for rains or fine days or good harvests, a ruler＇s recovery from serious diseases, the ruler＇s soul going up to the paradise when he diseased, blessing to befallen upon the whole nation, and to celebrate a ruler＇s birthday. Inner dojangs were not always perfomed at the same places, but some some palaces were frequently prefered and some facilities particularly constructed for Buddhist activities could be found in imperial palaces. Inner dojangs were highlighted with the aim of serving the society, the country and politics. As a result, Buddhist monks regarded it as an honor to perform rites inside imperial palaces. Thus, changes in the relation between religion and politics can be concluded that, on the one hand, feudal states actively led religions to support its rule, and on the other hand, Buddhist monks gradually acknowledged the importance and necesity of serving the society, the country and politics in maintaining and developing their religions. Some religious people, without having to engage themselves in material production, were inclined to be professionalized, with their special way of serving the society, the country and politics.