明代隆庆以前宁夏地区蒙汉贸易探析

The Trade Between Meng and Han in the Ningxia Region Before Longqing Period in the Ming Dynasty

蒙汉民族在宁夏地区的贸易活动始于永乐年间,这其中既有边外蒙古在宁夏进行的马市贸易和蒙古使臣在朝贡途中进行的贡市贸易,也有灵州"土达"与明朝进行的朝贡贸易。明中前期宁夏地区的蒙汉贸易是非定期贸易,贸易活动相当零星,而且完全由官府控制,民间贸易被严格禁止,因此,宁夏地区的蒙汉贸易长期处于举步维艰的状态,发展十分艰难。造成这种状况的主要原因,一是明前期明蒙关系长期处于紧张状态,明蒙之间的战争对宁夏贸易的影响很大;二是明前期宁夏边防获取战马有多种途径,而且战马供应基本得到保证,所以,明朝不敢轻言也不愿意在宁夏与蒙古发生往来联系。

The trade activity between Meng and Han in Ningxia bagan in Yongle Period. This is shown in two ways： Mongolia out of the border did the horse trade in Ningxia and the Mongolia diplomatic envoys did the tributing trade on the way to the tributing; ＂Tuda＂ in Lingzhou did the tributing trade with the Ming Dynasty. In the first half of the Ming Period, the trade between Meng and Han was irregular and rare in Ningxia and it was entirely controlled by the government. The folk trade was strictly forbidden. Thus the trade between Meng and Han in Ningxia was in a dilemma for a long time and the development was very hard. There are two reasons for this. Firstly, in the first half of the Ming Period, the relationship between Ming and Meng was tense for a long time. The war between them affected the trade in Ningxia greatly. Secondly, in the first half of the Ming Period, the border army in Ningxia had lots of ways to get war horses, so the supply of war horses was basically guaranteed. The horse trade between Meng and Han was not very important for the border army in Ningxia.