从乡村自治到苏维埃革命——以国共两党对农会和民团的认识演变为中心

From Rural Autonomy to Soviet Revolution:Centering on the Evolution of Understandings of the Peasant Association and Civil Corps by the CPC and the Kuomintang

乡村自治反映了国共两党共同走过的一段思想历程。这段历程清楚地展现了国共两党的自治理念与中国传统的半正式乡村治理格局发生碰撞的思想轨迹,以及两党隐含的自上而下和自下而上两种不同路线的国家主义诉求。以平民民权为理想或口号的乡村自治,既不能实现国民党重建乡村秩序、摆脱政治危机的企图,也不能彻底满足共产党自下而上重组和控制乡村政权的诉求。它的客观作用在于扩大农民运动的阶级动员效应,成为阶级斗争的杠杆,最终开辟了中国苏维埃革命的道路。

Rural autonomy marked an intellectual experience shared by the CPC and the Kuomintang. This experience showed clearly how the ideas of autonomy cherished by the two parties clashed with the traditional Chinese pattern of semi-official rural administration and reflected the two parties＇ statist pursuits respectively along the ＂top-down＂ line and the ＂top-down＂ line. The rural autonomy with the civil rights of common people as the ideal or slogan could neither fulfill the attempt of the Kuomintang to reconstruct the rural order and shake off its political crisis nor completely satisfy the CPC＇ s need to reorganize and control the political power from below in rural areas. Objectively it magnified the effect of class mobilization of the peasant movement and became a lever of class struggle, at last opening up a road to the Soviet revolution in China.