球形芽孢杆菌在病媒蚊虫控制中的应用

Application of Bacillus sphaericus in mosquito and vector control

球形芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sphaericus,Bs)是一种在自然界中广泛分布、形成亚末端膨大孢子囊和球形芽孢的好气芽孢杆菌。Bs在生长发育过程中能产生对不同蚊幼虫具有特异性毒杀作用的二元毒素、Mtx毒素和Cry48Aa/Cry49A毒素,广泛应用于病媒蚊虫的生物控制中,被认为是一种对人、畜、禽、水生生物无毒,不污染环境的生物杀蚊幼制剂。目前,包括中国在内的多个国家已经开发出商业化Bs杀蚊制剂,并在全世界范围内广泛应用于病媒蚊虫的控制,取得了良好效果。但实验室以及野外实验表明,蚊虫在长期高选择压力下能对二元毒素产生抗性,蚊虫对Bs产生的抗性影响了其作为生物杀蚊幼制剂在蚊虫综合防治中的持效应用。现就Bs的杀蚊机制、杀蚊制剂的开发和应用、蚊虫抗性及其治理等方面加以介绍。

Bacillus sphaericus （Bs） is an aerobic spore-forming bacillus widely distributed in nature, with a sub-terminal swelling capsule and spherical spores. As Bs grows, it produces binary toxin, Mtx and Cry48Aa/Cry49A, which have specific toxic effects on a variety of mosquito larvae. It is hence widely used in biological vector and mosquito control and considered a larvicidal solution that is non-toxic to human, animal, poultry and aquatic life and environmentally friendly. At present, many countries, including China, have developed commercial Bs mosquitocides that are widely used worldwide to control vectors and mosquitoes and good results have been achieved. However, laboratory and field experiments show that mosquitoes can produce binary toxin resistance under a long-term high selective pressure, which compromises Bs products as a biological mosquito larvicide in the comprehensive prevention and control of vectors and mosquitoes. The present article provides introduction to the mosquito-killing mechanisms of Bs agents, the development and application of mosquitocides, the resistance against them and vector and mosquito control.