乡村居民参与旅游开发的轮流制模式及社区增权效能研究——云南香格里拉雨崩社区个案

Study on the "Alternate System Mode" regarding Rural Residents' Participation in Tourism Development and Community Empowerment Effectiveness

本文以香格里拉梅里雪山周边雨崩藏族村的旅游开发为研究背景,分析了该区村民参与旅游开发的"轮流制"模式,认为这是一个社区主动参与旅游发展,基本实现了经济增权、政治增权、心理增权和社会增权的典型案例。"轮流制"模式一方面妥善协调与巧妙解决了村民参与旅游开发利益分配的不均衡,控制了外来投资,同时避免了由于无序竞争引起的经济利益过于集中现象,对构建雨崩村社会和谐起着非常大的积极作用。值得注意的是,雨崩村民的增权有一个重要的假设条件,即村民绝对拥有在村境内的住宿、餐饮、租马等经营权。本质上雨崩村的旅游增权是个人增权,一旦有外来旅游企业进入,原来取得的利益均衡和分配制度将会被破坏。从此角度讲,制度增权的缺失又对提高民族地区旅游目的地新农村建设构成了阻碍。

The paper, with Yubeng Tibetan minority community located in the vicinity of Meili Snow Mountain as study background, analyzes the ＂alternate system mode＂ regarding local villagers＇ participation in tourism development. The author thinks this is a typical case study in which the community actively participates in tourism development, basically realizing economic, political, psychological and social empowerment. On the one hand, ＂alternate system mode＂ properly coordinates and ingeniously solves the imbalance of villagers＇ interest distribution for taking part in tourism development and controls external investment and on the other, it avoids the phenomenon of undue concentration of economic interests caused by irregular competition, playing very positive role in constructing harmonious society in Yubeng village. What is noteworthy is that the empowerment of Yubeng villagers owns an important assumptive condition, that is, the villagers have absolute right of operation in accommodations, catering, and horse rentals. Therefore, the empowerment from tourism is in essence personal empowerment. Once external enterprises enter, the original interest balance and distribution system will be disrupted. From this point of view, lack of system empowerment will be an obstacle to new village construction in tourism destinations within minority areas.