从环境史角度看乾隆年间天山北麓的农业开发

The Agricultural Development in the North Piedmont of Tianshan Mountains in the Period of Qianlong Reign:from the Perspective of Environmental History

本文在前人研究新疆屯田史、农业开发史和自然环境变迁的基础上,从环境史的角度出发,利用丰富的历史文献记载,集中探讨了乾隆年间天山北麓农业开发活动中人与自然环境之间的关系发生、发展和变化的过程。本文主体内容的第一部分概括天山北麓自然环境特点的基础和大规模农业开发以前天山北麓的游牧文化景观,这是理解乾隆年间人与环境互动的基础;第二部分,通过引用丰富的历史记载,细致而微地呈现了乾隆年间迁移而来的农耕民族如何看待这片土地、农业耕种如何从无到有、由内地带来的农业耕作制度和技术如何适应当地自然环境等人与环境的互动过程;最后,复原了乾隆六十年(1795)天山北麓的地理景观,总结指出乾隆年间天山北麓地理景观的变化主要发生在平原地区(出现的农业聚落和绿洲农业景观),迁移而来的屯兵、户民和天山北麓的自然环境共同造就了乾隆末年天山北麓的地理景观特征。

This paper discusses the relationship between the human and the natural environment in the agricultural activities in the period of Qianlong Reign. In the first part, the author describes the natural environment and the nomadic cultural landscape before 1757, which is the basis to understand the agricultural development in the following time. In the second part, the author studies how the fanning people from the inner land of China understood this piece of land, how the farming activities began, and how the cultivation technology imported from the inner land had to be changed according to the local natural conditions. In the end, the author points out the main changes of the landscape were the appearance of a great number of agricultural settlements and large tracts of farmland in the oasis at the end of the Qianlong reign.