康熙朝后期的铜政改革与内务府官商

Reform on the Copper Policy and the Governmental Merchants of Nei-Wu-Fu in the Late Kangxi's Reign

康熙朝后期,清政府尝试铜政改革,即以内务府官商承包办铜的形式,尽可能多地获取来自日本的原铜,铸造新币,从而达到驱逐民间杂币的目的。内务府官商在实际的办铜过程中,尤其在宫廷政治的影响下,形成了王纲明等六家办铜的局面。铜政改革在前期取得了一定的效果,官商大获其利。然而,在1715年日本长崎方面推出了限制原铜出口的正德新例后,办铜趋于困难,官商积欠累累不敷偿还,官商办铜难以维继,复归官办原局。在办铜一事上,国际局势的骤变,对康熙帝的处置策略起了不可忽视的影响。围绕官商亏空案,康熙帝与户部在围绕追讨官商亏空追缴问题上又起纷议。康熙帝的恣意决断,虽也有其深意考量,然其对内务府及下属官商的宽容,终不免客观造成内务府内库侵凌户部国库的恶例,它实际体现出的是清朝君主高度专制下财政在运作上的一个恶痼。

During the middle and late Kangxi reign, the Qing government reformed the copper administration in order to coin new copper cash. The merchants from the imperial household department as the copper-purchasing contractors, obtained the copper from Japan as much as possible. The reformation achieved success at the early stage, but when the Japanese government set up a new policy to restrict the copper export named ＂Syoutoku new regulation＂ in the city Nagasaki, the merchants had to face with a huge deficit and fell into a dilemma. Around how to make up the deficit, Kangxi＇s arbitrary decision with the position of partiality to the imperial household department, Showed us a bad example of the powerful emperor＇s influence on the Qing government finance.