论理论与实在的关系

Special Topics of Understanding Science On Relation between Theory and Reality

以牛顿力学为核心的近代自然科学研究的哲学基础预设了经典理论与实在之间的镜像关系。这种关系蕴含了两个基本假设:其一,科学理论的可靠性与实在性假设;其二,科学方法与科学仪器的有效性与客观性假设。这种观点曾受到马赫、彭加勒和迪昂等人的质疑,却得到了罗素和维特根斯坦的逻辑原子主义的支持。相对论力学进一步强化了这种关系。量子力学的产生对此提出的挑战是颠覆性的和空前的。量子理论是依赖于测量条件的理论,它与实在之间的关系是一种整体性的模拟关系。模拟的过程是主客观统一的不断相互作用的过程。在这个过程中,理论不再是对实在的直接描述,而是在特定的模型框架内谈论实在或理解实在。谈论实在是在特定条件下对实在的认知内容的表达,对实在机理的间接模拟,不是对实在本身的直接断言,也不是对实在行为变化的镜像表达。这种观点不需要我们放弃长期以来形成的科学有可能使我们认识实在的直觉与追求,而是承认,科学认知过程中存在的辩护等修辞因素也是对科学真理的探索、辩明与阐释。这是一种介于僵化的经典实在论与多元的相对主义视野之间的一种中间领域的语境认识论。

The image relation between classical theory and reality is premised on the philosophical base of modern natural science study. Such argument was once doubted,but gained support from logical atomism and was strengthened by relativity theory. However,the emergence of quantum mechanics makes a great challenge. Quantum mechanics theory considers that theory is no long the direct description of reality,but the understanding of reality in a special model framework. This idea do not require us to abandon the long-existed recognition that science is possible to make us know reality,it helps us know that,in scientific recognition process,some rhetoric factors are also the exploration,explanation of science. In fact,it is a contextual epistemology between dogged realism and plural relativity theory.