区域生态产业网络的经济分析——一个简单的成本效益模型

The Economic Analysis of Regional Ecological Industrial Networks——A Simple Cost-benefit Model

基于自然资源与环境经济学的分析表明,区域生态产业网络带来的效益主要是,从排放的废弃物中回收的有价组分的市场价值、减少开采而保存节省的自然资源的市场价值和稀缺租金(或市价以外的机会成本)、减少废弃物排放而获得保护的环境价值,以及节省的土地和其他成本等,对参与企业来说可以获得政府优惠政策(如在税收方面)或补贴、金融支持等收益;产生的主要成本则体现在废弃物的堆放、仓储和交通运输成本、废弃物的收集、分拣和加工成本、废弃物加工产生的二次污染成本、参与企业之间的交易成本,以及生态产业网络的设备投资折旧与运营维护成本等。区域较大后,总边际效益将随着生态产业网络的区域半径增大而减少,总边际成本则呈现递增的走势。生态工业网络的可行性主要体现在上述总成本总效益的均衡,影响成本效益的因素都将反映其中。最优区域生态产业网络的区域半径的主要影响因素是能源价格、道路运输条件、废弃物毒性、环境损害特征常数以及所收集的废弃物数量或运载量,而企业之间的诚信合作关系构建的难度、信息透明度、交易成本、政策法规和市场机制的完善程度等也有影响。

The analysis, based on natural resource and environment economics, shows that the main benefits from regional ecological industrial network are the value of ingredients recovered from effluents, scarce rent （or opportunity cost beside market price）, value of natural resources saved from less exploitation, environmental value protected from reducing emission and saved land or other costs, or for firms, the benefits from favorable policies （such as tax）, subsidy and financial supports from the govemment. The main costs reflect in the storage, occupation and transport costs by effluents, the collection, separation and processing costs of effluents, the secondary pollution costs from effluent processing, the transaction costs between attending firms, and the depreciation, operations and maintenance costs of the underlying regional ecological industrial network. When the ecological network large enough, the total marginal benefits will be diminishing by the increase in regional radius of the ecological industrial network, but the total marginal costs will be increasing. The feasibility of regional ecological industrial network depends mainly on the balance between the above total costs and benefits, in which the critical success factors will reflect. The optimal radius of regional ecological industrial network will be affected by the energy price, road and transportation conditions, toxicity of effluents, environmental damaging featuring constant, and quantity or volume of collected effluents, but also dependent on the trust cooperation relationship, information availability, transaction costs, policies or regulations and also the efficiency of market mechanism.