海权、陆权与大战略——地理政治学的大战略内涵

Sea Power,Land Power and Grand Strategy:The Grand Strategic Implications of Geopolitics

作为思考和判断地理因素的社会作用的一种理论形式,地理政治学与大战略研究之间一直存在密切联系,本文的目的是对地理政治学的大战略内涵进行系统地总结和梳理。文章指出,作为一种大战略思想形态,地理政治学主要有两大思想流派,即拉采尔首创的"有机国家论"以及马汉、麦金德和斯皮克曼代表的"地理战略论"。本文认为,作为盎格鲁-撒克逊民族对外政策关切的体现,"地理战略论"的关注焦点主要有两个问题:一是工业革命引发的技术进步对海权与陆权间力量对比的潜在涵义;二是主导性海洋国家为应对这种局面应采取的手段。尽管海权与陆权间力量对比历来是"地理战略论"的关注重点,但位于两者之间的"边缘地带"在这派理论中同样也占有重要地位,本文最后专门考察了"边缘地带"的大战略意义。

Geopolitics,as a theory by which to judge the social effects of the geographical structure, has long been connected with the study of Grand Strategy. This paper intends to systematically sort out and analyze the grand strategic implications of Geopolitics. The author contends that as one of the theoretical forms of grand strategy, Geopolitics could be roughly divided into two branches, namely Ratzel’s Organic State Theory and the Geostrategy represented by Mahan, Mackinder and Spykman. The author argues that as an embodiment of the Anglo-Saxon foreign policy concerns, Geostrategy focuses mainly on two issues. The one is about the impacts of technological advances brought about by the industrial revolution on the equilibrium between sea power and land power and the other about what the leading maritime powers should do with this situation. Although the changing equilibrium between sea power and land power has traditionally been the focus of Geostrategy, the rimland as well occupies a very important place in this legendary school of geopolitical ideas. In view of this, the author specifically makes an analysis of the strategic implications of the rimland in this article.