国际贸易需要标准化──兼论WTO及第二版《贸易技术壁垒协议》的特点

World Trade Calls for Standardization

世界贸易组织（WTO）协定以及由此成立的WTO是在特定的历史背景下产生的。它在GAN（1947）的基础上演进而来，但它的构成已经被大大地扩展。鉴于进入90年代以来国际社会要求强化环境保护的呼声日趋强烈，同时发展中国家已经成为整个国际社会不可或缺的重要组成部分，因此WTO协定就环境保护与资源的综合利用以及发展中国家和最不发达国家的待遇两方面，对其宗旨作了补充和修订。其次，WTO决定保持GAN的一切基本原则，但它的适用已不再仅仅体现在GATT一个方面。乌拉圭回合在经过反复磋商后，对贸易技术壁垒协议（又称（标准守则》第一版文本进行了很大的改进、澄清和扩展。但它在第一版中确立的基本原则要求不仅没有发生根本变化，而且结合国际经贸活动的新特点以及国际标准化领域取得的最新进展，有了新的发展和补充，由此对协议成员方义务与权利提出了新的要求。文章从国际贸易实现货物与服务交换全过程着手，详细阐述了国际标准在采购、交付、电子数据交换、航运以及金融业的各项活动中的作用。分析表明，无论在技术方面，还是管理方面，标准化活动已经渗透到国际贸易货物与服务交换的所有环节。同时鉴于环保时代与“绿色’惊场的到来，它既为国际贸易的发展带来了新的机遇，但因环境保护引发的贸易争?

WTO agreement and the corresponding WTo organization are created under special historical conditions.It was originated from GArr(1947), but its configuration has been much expanded. In the light of ever-strong need of the worid society for strengthening environmental protection, and as the developing countries are becoming an important and essentiaI part of the worid society, the WTO agreement amended and modifies its principles in the tWo areas of environmental protection and compre-hensive utilization of natural resources, and treatment of developing countries and most undeveloped countries. WTO decided to keep all basic principles of GAri, but its application is not only renected to GArr. After repeated discussions and negotiations many changes, clarifications and expansions had been made to the first edition of 'Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade' (also called <Standard Code>in the UrugUay Round. But the basic principles and requirements established in the first edition has no fundamental changes, and are further strengthened and enriched according to the new features of world trade activities and latest progressing of standardization in the worid. Therefore it specified new requirements on the liabilities and rights for the member states. After describing the wholeexchange pocess of commodity and service in world trade, the paper analized the functioning of international standardization in purchase, delivery, electronic data exchange, shipping and financial activities. The study proved that no matter in the area oftechnology and management standardization is deepened into all and every exchang steps of commodity and service in worid trade. At the same time, the coming llp of the age of environmental protection and 'Green Marlet' lead to new opportunity of trade deveIopment and also even-increasing disputes due to enviromental protection. In order to keep good development of world trade, the world society needs to keep consistency between trade, environment and sustainable development, to promote each other, the 'Decision on Trade and Environment' of Uruguay Round had been carried out in final time, it has shown us a new area of attention for the standardization.