STS视阈下马尔库塞社会批判理论解读

Interpretation of Herbert Marcuse's Critical Theory of Society in View of Visual Threshold of STS

马尔库塞的社会批判理论以对技术的批判为契机,展开对现代工业社会的制度层面和心理层面的批判。他认为单向度社会的形成是因为社会制度出了问题而导致的技术理性的片面化,技术理性成了统治理性并进而压抑着人的心理状况。要改变社会的不正常状态,需要通过审美对单一的技术理性进行改造,形成新理性,进而将包含了有助于人的全面发展因素的价值成分运用到对现有技术的改造之中,以新技术为基础建构能够使人全面发展的新社会。马尔库塞改变了同时代的法兰克福学派理论家对技术的单纯批判态度,从科学、技术与社会的双向作用出发思考社会问题,他的社会批判理论明显表现出STS理论的特征。

Marcuse＇ s theoretical critiques of the modern industrial society at both institutional and psychological levels were based on his critiques of technology. He believed that the formation of one-dimensional society is a problem because of the social system resulting from a one-sided technological rationality which governs the society or a country, thus suppressing the people psychologically. To change such an abnormality of society, a new rationality is needed via the reform of the unique technological rationality with aesthetics and, what＇ s more, in the new rationality the all-round development of human beings should be included as an integral part to be introduced into the existing technological innovation. Then, based on the increasingly updated technologies, a new society is available to be constructed to benefit human being＇s all-round development. It was a contribution made by Marcuse who changed the idea of other theorists of the Frankfurt School, because they criticized the technology one-sidedly. Taking account of the bidirectional effect between science/technology and society, his critical theory of society was characterized clearly by the STS theory.