氮素营养对超高产小麦调控的研究进展

Research Progress in Nitrogen Nutrient Adjustment to Ultra High Yield Wheat

小麦籽粒蛋白质含量与氮代谢密切相关。许多研究表明,小麦籽粒氮的来源一方面来自开花后吸收的氮素,另一方面来自开花前营养体积累氮素的再运转。小麦籽粒中的氮素绝大部分来自开花前植株贮存氮素的再运转,只有少部分是开花后吸收的。蛋白质的降解与蛋白水解酶活性的上升相关,它在营养体氮素的再运转中起着重要作用。因此,在小麦生产中除了强调提高植株后期吸收氮素的能力外,也应十分重视叶片蛋白质的降解,即氮素的再运转分配。选择开花后氮素吸收同化和氮素再运转能力强的小麦品种,既可提高籽粒产量,又可提高籽粒蛋白质含量。此外,小麦籽粒还具有氮素同化能力。通过氮素对小麦光合能力、生理活性、群体质量、籽粒产量及粒重的调控,以及对库源流关系的影响,来达到小麦高产的目的。

Protein content in wheat seed is closely correlated with nitrogen metabolic. Lots studies proved that nitrogen in wheat seed comes from both nitrogen absorption after anthesis and from revolving of vegetative nitrogen accumulation before anthesis. Most part of nitrogen in wheat seed comes from the revolving of the stored nitrogen before anthesis, while small part from the absorption after anthesis. In the revolving of the vegetative nitrogen protein degradation plays an important role and is related with the rise of hydrolytic enzyme activity. Thus, it is necessary not only to lay emphysis to improve nitrogen absorption ability in later growth stage, protein degradation in the leaves, eg nitrogen＇s revolving partition, needs the same attention. To select species with high efficiency ability in nitrogen absorption and assimilation after anthesis and with powerful revolving, it will improve seed yield and seed quality. In addition, wheat seed also shows nitrogen assimilation ability, so by means of nitrogen adjustment to photosynthesis, physiological activity, population quality, seed yield and seed weight, and influence to relationship between the storage, origin and discharge, it is possible to win high yield in wheat.