国家建构和民族建构:内涵、特征及联系——以欧洲国家经验为例

Country and Nation Construction:Its Connotation,Features,and Relationship——Taking the Experience of European Countries as an Example

现代民族国家的形成,包含了两个方面的建构过程:一个是国家领土和边界的形成和确立,国家法律制度和政治组织的建构;另一个是在国家疆域之内具有不同族裔文化背景差异的人口中间创造民族性和民族认同。这两个子过程彼此渗透不可分割,又有不同的内涵特征,在时间上也不同步。但是,人们往往忽视了这两个过程的区别和不同步。一个最常见的表现,就是重视革命、战争和政治运动这类短时段历史事件对国家建构所起到的摧枯拉朽、除旧布新的作用,忽视民族文化的养成和认同心理的培育的长时段的特征,把需要在历史长时段中完成的任务当作短期目标去追求,在当下的政治中采取了强制性的同化政策,从而引起多元社会的种族与文化的冲突。欧洲民族国家建构的历史,揭橥了民族的建构过程并不止于国家建立之时、更重要的工作是在国家建立之后这样一个事实,这些工作包括国家建构和民族建构过程中的疆域和行政资源的整合、国家制度法律建设、由国家发动的文化和社会整合与共同心理的塑造等。

The formation of modern nation country consists of two construction processes. One is the formation and establishment of territory and boarder of the country, and the construction of national law system and political organization. The other one is that among the different nationalities with different cultures within a country, there exists national identity. The two processes are mutual penetration and indivisible, but with different connotations and asynchronous development. However, their differences are normally ignored. This paper, based on the history of construction of European national countries, believed the process of nation construction did not stop at the time of establishment of the country, but still continue after its establishment, and also discussed the integration of territory and administrative resources, the legal system construction, relationship between cultural and social integration initiated by the country and co-shaping psychology, and some overlooked issues in the process of nation construction.