周代交聘礼中的对等性原则

On the Principle of Equivalence in the Rite of Jiaopin(交聘)in Zhou Dynasty

对等性是周代交聘礼中的重要原则,是中国古代发展政治实体、政权、民族、乃至国家之间和平交往关系的重要准则和宝贵的政治思想财富。其对等性原则主要体现在:一是交聘主体的对等性。《仪礼.聘礼》和周之《秩官》所载典型的交聘关系,其交聘主体是两个对等诸侯国及其国君。二是接待人员的对等性。如果聘国以卿、大夫、士组成使团,则主国亦设置与此级别一一相对应的接待官员组合以负责接待事宜。三是接待仪节的对等性。交聘礼仪中宾主双方在服饰、进退揖让和面向等具体仪节均一一对等均衡,贯穿于聘礼的全过程。对等性原则在周代产生并非偶然,一方面,周代分封制度所贯穿的等级秩序,为交往关系中等级性的敌体、对等关系提供了"法理"上、制度上和事实上的依据。另一方面,对于"礼"的辩证思维和"中"、"和"、"德"等理念与对称、平衡的文化意蕴则是聘礼中对等性原则产生的理论基础和文化依据。周代交聘礼中的对等性原则不仅在日后汉唐时期的交聘制度中有所继承、借鉴,而且与近现代国际关系中的对等性原则亦有相似、相通之处。

Equivalence was an important principle in the rite of Jiaopin（交聘,the feudal princes send regards to each other periodically through messengers） in Zhou Dynasty, it＇ s an important guidelines to develop peaceful contacts between political entities, regimes, nations and even states in ancient China. The principle of equivalence is mainly reflected in the following aspects ： Firstly, equivalence of the main body of Jiaopin. Secondly, equivalence of reception personnel. Thirdly, equivalence of reception manners. It＇ s not accidental for the principle of equivalence to come into being in Zhou Dynasty. On the one hand, the hierarchical order embodied in the system of enfeoffment provides ＂legal＂, institutional and virtual basis for the principle of equivalence. On the other hand, the theoretical and cultural basis result from the dialectical thinking about ＂Rites＂ and thoughts of ＂medium＂, ＂harmony＂ and ＂virtue＂. The principle of equivalence in Jiaopin in Zhou Dynasty was inherited and used for reference by Han and Tang Dynasties, and it also has some similarities with the principle of equivalence of modern international relations.