亨普尔的归纳悖论

On Hempel's Inductive Paradox

亨普尔验证悖论,又叫乌鸦悖论,是同时运用逻辑演算和尼柯德标准产生的。它涉及逻辑等值、实质蕴含、尼柯德标准等多种因素。此前消除悖论的方式是否定其中一个因素。实际上,亨普尔悖论是逻辑规则与尼柯德标准之间的表面不一致。尼柯德标准并不是一个逻辑标准,而是科学家在检验经验假说时采用的实践原则。因此,我们应该将假说验证的逻辑规则与科学假说的实践验证区分开来。这样,实质蕴含、逻辑等值、尼柯德标准在假说检验的逻辑中都可以保留,而在逻辑上并没有悖论。

Hempel＇ s Paradox of Confirmation or Raven Paradox is a result of conjunction of logical calculus and Nicod＇ s criterion; it involves logical equivalence, material implication, Nicod＇ s criterion and other concepts. However, it is indeed an effect of the surface conflict between the logical rules and Nicod＇ s criteri- on of confirmation. However, Nicod criterion is not logical, but a practical procedure or guidance used in testing hypothesis. Therefore we should make distinction between the logic of hypothesis testing and the procedures of the practical testing. The paradox is thus revolved without rejection of any elements of formal logic or Nicod＇ s criterion.