西晋时期士风之任诞及其批判与反省思潮

The Trend of Criticism and Reflection of Misbehavior of the Celebrities in Western Jin

西晋一代,特别是惠帝元康以降,士族名士社会之主流风尚浮虚放诞,崇尚奢侈淫靡,鄙薄社会实务,"当官者以望空为高,而笑勤恪",在异族内进、民族纷争的背景下,造成了中原沦落、国家败亡的巨大悲剧。对于这一虚诞淫靡风气的盛行,当时人们就有所批评,尽管在玄化风尚的掩盖下,批评言论影响有限,但其不绝于耳,蔚为思潮。具体而言,批评玄风者主要有尊崇儒学传统的礼法之士、重视事功的文吏之士、崇尚礼法的玄学名士、寒门士人和江南人士等。其中虽有阶层之别和地域差异,甚至有玄学名士内部的反玄风者,其根本的思想依据皆来自儒家学说,主要是从玄风盛行破坏人伦道德观念、社会秩序和危害经邦济世的角度立论的。在西晋覆灭过程中,一些执政的玄化名士领袖人物遭遇亡国之痛,对"祖尚玄虚"也有了真切的反省与悔恨。

During Western Jin, especially after the Emperor Hui in the year of Yuan Kang, the social trend of the celebrities of the great families accorded with emptiness in words and the misbehavior, upheld the extravagance and regarded the social practice as a disgrace, and there existed the fact that ＂the officials did nothing practical and significant and despised diligence and practice. ＂ All led to the great tragedy of the disintegration of the central kingdom and the subversion of the nation under the circumstances that different races invaded and nationalities in the country conflicted with each other. As for the prevailing of emptiness and misbehavior, some launched criticism against it from time to time, but the criticism had a limited effect due to metaphysic customs. Specifically speaking, the critics against metaphysic customs were those who insisted on the proprieties of Confucian, civilians who attached great importance to achievements and successes, metaphysic personage who upheld the proprieties, and the poor and the persons in the south of Yangtze River. Though there were differences in class and region among those and even against the custom of metaphysics between metaphysic celebrities, the foundations of their ideas derived from Confucianism, built upon ethic concepts, social order and traditional conception of managing nation which were ruined by the prevalent metaphysics. In the subversion of Western Jin, some leading metaphysic celebrities suffered from the misery and had profound reflection and regret of upholding the emptiness and metaphysics＂.