秦代手工业生产者的身份与地位

Identity and Status of Handicraftsmen in Qin Dynasty

在秦代官府手工业中,既有被征调的且得到薪酬的自由工匠,又有一定数量暂时失去自由身份、人数众多、身份低下、待遇极差的刑徒,还有相当数量的其身份为真正的奴隶待遇的官奴婢存在。在私营手工业与农民家庭副业生产中,主要为自由工匠、私属徒及个体手工业生产者。私属徒的实际身份为奴隶,地位低下。

Among the state-run handicrafts in Qin Dynasty, there were some recruited and salaried free craftsmen as well as large numbers of low-paid criminals who had lost their freedom and had low status. Besides, there were quite a few slaves. In the private handicrafts and family-owned mills, the majority of craftsmen were free craftsmen, apprentices and individual workers. The actual identity of apprentices is slaves with low status.