元代科举中的多族师生与同年

Multiethnic Examiners,Examinees,and Classmates of the Civil Examinations in Yuan China

本文为笔者元代多族士入圈形成研究的一环。笔者认为：元代中期一个多族士人圈业已形成。各族士人之间具有密切的社会网络与文化互动。科举中的师生与同年关系即为社会网络的一环，亦为文化互动的基础。本文首先显示元代科举为一多元族羣机制，其次证明历科师生为联谊或其他目的而举办集体活动。再以延佑二年（1315）及元统元年（1333）两科为例说明历科考试各族师生、同年之间平时亦多个别交往，反映於诗文之中。本文显示：科举制度的采行虽然在元代政治上所起作用不大，却是多族士人圈加速成长的重要因素，而座主、门生、同年关系超越族羣藩篱，成为多族士人社会文化网络的重要一环。

This paper is a part of my study on the formation of a multiethnic literati circle in China under Mongol rule.It is my belief that various ethnic groups in the Yuan Dynasty were not as much separated from one another as many scholars have held.By the mid-Yuan period,a multiethnic literati circle had been formed.The newly emerging Mongol and Se-mu literati interacted closely with their Chinese colleagues through a network of social relations and multifarious cultural activities.The relations of examiners,examinees,and classmates of the civil examinations were a part of this social network. This paper first shows that the Yuan examination system was a mechanism with examiners and examinees recruited from different ethnic groups.It further shows that the examiners and examinees of the same class often held gatherings to strengthen their relations. Lastly,the classes of 1315 and 1333 are cited to demonstrate that individual examiners,examinees,and classmates kept close relations with one another as reflected in their poems and prose they exchanged. All in all,the close relationship of examiners,examinees,and classmates apparently surpassed ethnic barriers and became an important link in the multiethnic literati circle.