徭、戍为秦汉正卒基本义务说——更卒之役不是“徭”

Compulsory Military and Labor Services Are the Fundamental Obligations of"Zhengzu"in Qin and Han Dynasties:The Duty of"Gengzu"Was Not Labor Service for the Country

本文利用张家山汉简和里耶秦简等新出简牍材料，尝试重新解构秦汉时期的徭役兵役体系。秦汉时期的徭役兵役制度以丁中制为基础，制定了两种起役年龄标准——十五岁和“傅”年。十五岁以上未傅者和皖老，相当於後代的次丁，只须服“更”的劳役和部分正役——“徭”，不须服“屯戍”兵役。“傅”指着籍成为国家正式兵役和徭役的负担者，时称为“正”、“正卒”或“卒”，相当於後代的“丁”。正卒除每年服一个月的更的劳役外，还有两项基本义务，即一岁屯戍兵役（无论是戍边、戍卫京师或戍卫郡县），一岁“徭”的力役。秦及汉初两者均是以每年一个月、傅籍期间完成一年的方式服役，高后五年始实行戌卒岁更之制。材官骑士是从正卒中选拔出来的职业军人，平时居家，战时徵调，每年集中训练一个月，可以冲抵“徭”。

This paper tries to reconstruct the compulsory military and labor service system in Qin and Han dynasties through the research on the bamboo slips recently unearthed from Zhangjiashan and Liye.The military and labor service system in Qin and Han dynasties,based on the'dingzhong'system丁中制,established two starting ages for people to do their duties:the age of fifteen and'fu'传.People who were over fifteen years old whilst not'fu'and people who were'wanlao'皖老,an equivalent of'ciding'次丁in the later dynasties,were obliged to do only the'geng'更service and part of the labor services for the country.They were not obliged to serve as the garrison soldiers.'Fu',also called'zheng'正,'zhengzu'正卒,or'zu'卒at the time and the equivalent of'ding'in the later dynasties,referred to those who were registered for the military and labor services for the country.The two fundamental obligations of'zhengzu'included one year military service in the forms of garrison in the borders,in the capital of the country,or in the local counties, and one year labor service for the country.In Qin and early Han Dynasties,the two services were implemented in a way of one month of service per year.Starting from the fifth year in the reign of Gao Hou, the system of'Shuzu Suigeng'戍卒岁更was implemented.'Caiguan Qishi'材官骑士,the professional soldiers with special skills,were selected from'zhengzu'.They stayed at home in peace time and join the army during the war.They were summoned to be trained together for one month every year.The training could be used to compensate for the compulsory labor services.