罗素的本体论思想及与名称和摹状词理论的关系

Russell on the Ontology and the Theory of Names and Descriptions

罗素的本体论思想与他的名称和摹状词理论具有密切联系。简单事实是关于世界的基本事实,其基本成分是殊相和共相,殊相是本体;原子命题描述简单事实,其主词是名称,名称是对殊相的命名,而只有亲知的殊相才能够被命名;形式上占据主词地位的并非就是名称,因为它并非必然是亲知的,因而日常被认为是名称的符号通常是缩略的摹状词。摹状词理论体现了罗素本体论上的思维经济原则。

There is a close relation between Russell on the metaphysics and the theory of names and descriptions. An atom fact is a basic fact about world. The basic elements of atom fact are particulars and universals. A particular is a noumenon. An atom proposition descriptions an atom fact. The subject of atom proposition is a name. A name is naming of particular and only an acquainted particular can be named. A subject of syntax is not a necessary logical subject because the denotation of the subject is not a necessary acquaintance. Then the symbol that it usually is took for a name is really a description. The theory of descriptions accounts for the Russell＇s frugal principle on ontology.