长江三角洲水资源现状与环境问题

The Water Resources Condition and Environment Problems in the Yangtze River Delta

长江三角洲地区气候条件优越，经济发达。全区面积占全国土地面积的1．1％，人口占全国的6．3％．2007年国民生产总值（GDP）约占全国的18．9％，在我国有着举足轻重的地位。但是，由于区域的自然环境承载力与社会经济发展存在严重的不平衡，导致水环境恶化，造成水质型缺水，水资源短缺和水环境恶化已经成为目前长江三角洲地区水资源水环境的主要问题。另外，长江三角洲地区赤潮频发．洪涝灾害严重，因此面临着严重的资源与环境压力的挑战!本文以太湖流域为典型区域，调查其水资源及水环境现状，并进一步分析其水资源存在的问题，从而提出了探索长江三角洲水环境水资源优化与良性发展的途径。指出长江三角洲地区水资源水环境问题的解决必需包含以下几个关键问题：（1）阐明三角洲区长江干流的水文与河道特性，变化状况、原因与活动规律；（2）对长江三角洲水循环与水环境的承载力、可容许变化的限值与发展趋势做出量值分析；（3）探索现有水环境的治理、污染防治、清洁水源的有效获取、有效利用与有偿使用及清洁排放水流的措施与管理系统；（4）编制长江三角洲流域的整体规划，有计划地、分阶段、有效地防治洪水、内涝与潮侵灾害；（5）全区的生态环境建设与发展规划应以流域为整体，各地区互有分工，互相补充；（6）实施区域水环境、水资源的一体化管理；（7）公众的教育。

The Yangtze River Delta is a superior and developed district in China. Its land area is 1.1% of whole country, while population is 6.3% and GDP occupies 18.9% in 2007, which holds the balance of China. Nevertheless, due to the severe unbalanced relationship between the environment load capacity and the development of economy and society, water environment is worsen and it is short of water caused by water contamination. Lacking of water resources and worsening of water environment have turn into the main water problems in the Yangtze River Delta. In addition, the red tide occurs frequently, and the flood and waterlog are serious. The Yangtze River Delta is faced with fearful challenge of the resources and environment stress. This article takes Taihu Basin as a typical area. The condition of its water resources and water environment are investigated and the water resource problems are analyzed further. Then it is suggested that a way of optimizing the water resource and its development should be explored. Besides, the solving of water problems in the Yangtze River Delta need such sixty-four-dollar questions included as follow： 1. Clarifying the hydrology and river way characteristic, the movement status, the cause, and activity rule of the Yangtze River main stream. 2. Quantifying the load capacity, its allowable variation of the limit value and development trend. 3. The measure and manage system on prevention and cure of the water pollution, obtainment and utilization of clean water source effective and compensative, and cleansing drainage. 4. The unitary layout of basin, controlling flood, waterlog, and tide designedly, gradually and effectively. 5. Construction and development layout of environment. 6. Integrative management of water environment and water resources. 7. Public education.