1Xue JL,Dahl D,Ebben JP,et al.The association of initial hemodialysis access type with mortality outcomes in elderly medicare ESRD patients[J].Am J Kidney Dis,2003,42(5):1013-1019.
4Jean G, Charra B, Chazot C, et al. Long-term outcome of permanent hemodialysis catheters: a controlled study. Blood Purif, 2001,19(4):401
5Marr K, Krekland K, Seefon D, et al. Catheter related bacteremia in hemodialysis patients. Ann Intern Med, 1997,127: 275
6Shaffer D. Catheter-related sepsis complicating long-term, tunnelled central venous dialysis catheter: Management by guide-wire exchange. AJKD,1995,25: 593
7Kumwenda MJ, Wright FK, Haybittle KJ. Survey of permanent central venous catheters for haemodialysis in the UK. Nephrol Dial Transplant,1996,11 (5) :830
8Kailash K, Jindal C, Jean H, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for vascular access. AJKD, 1999,10: S287
9Jean G, Charra B, Chazot C, et al. Long-term ourcome of permanent hemodialysis catheters: a controlled study. Blood Purif,2001,19(4) :401
10Szabo J, Locking-Cusolito H, et al. The impact of increased blood flow rates on recirculation in central venous hemodialysis catheters. Nephrol Nurs J ,2001,28(6) :639
7Tanriover B, Carlton D, Saddekni S, et al. Bacteremia associated with tunneleddialysis catheters: comparison of two treatment strategies. Kidney Int, 2000, 57(5):2151-2155.
8DograGK, Herson H, Hutchison B, et al. Prevention of tunneled hemodial>^iscatheter-related infections using catheter-restricted filling with gentamicin andcitrate: a randomized controlled study . J Am Soc Nephrol, 2002,13 (8):2133-2139.
9Moist LM, Trpeski L, Na Y, et al. Increased Hemodialy- sis Catheter Use in Canada and Associated Mortality Risk: Data from the Canadian Organ Replacement Regis- try 2001-2004[J]. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3: 1726- 1732.
10Bakir T, Donna C, Souheil S, et al. Bacertemia associated with tunneled dialysis catheters. Comparison of two treatment strategies [J].KidneyInt, 2000,57:2151.