清代西江下游经济开发对森林变迁的影响

Influence of Economic Development to Forest Change in Xijiang Downstream Area in Qing Dynasty

清代时期,西江下游地区人口激增,农业垦殖向山地深入。随着社会发展,生产生活所需的林、果产品日益增加,人们或直接采伐天然林木,或清除原有的天然林来兴造经济林。同时,这一地区的柴炭、造纸和菌类等农村副业亦得到较大发展。这些经济开发活动对当地的森林变迁产生了重要的影响。我们认为,清代西江下游的森林植被,在清初就已经开始有了较大的破坏和减少,以雍正、乾隆、嘉庆和道光4朝为大。鸦片战争后有所减轻,但一直没有中断。就影响因子而言,清代前期以农业垦殖为主,清代中后期以林木业生产和农村副业为主。

In Qing Dynasty, the population in Xijiang downstream area increased fast, and the reclaiming of farm land was moving into remote mountains. Local residents cut down natural trees, planted economic forest to meet their daily life. At the same time, fuel producing, papermaking and fungi producing in this area developed rapidly too. All these activities had great impacts on forest change in the district. This paper hold the points that the forest vegetation had been destroyed and reduced greatly in Xijiang Downstream Area in the early Qing Dynasty, and the destruction was the most serious during Yongzheng（ 雍正）, Qianlong（乾隆） ,Jiaqing（ 嘉庆 ） and Daoguang（道光） periods. After Opium War, this phenomenon relieved a little but still continued. From the viewpoints of influencing factor, the main cause is the reclaiming of farm land in the early Qing Dynasty, and the wood production and sideline production in the middle and late days of Qing Dynasty.