身份制度的私法构造

Construction of Status System in Private law

身份制度的私法构造以个人间的组织状态与市民社会的结构性存在为前提。个人生活在身份体中。身份体是人们赖以生存和发展的组织或群体,是私法秩序的重要载体。身份体作为利益配置单位,通过确定成员身份界定身份体内外关系,实现其内部身份关系的制度安排。身份制度私法构造的基本要素包括身份利益、价值体系、区分机制、行为规则和外部标志。身份制度以某类组织或群体而非原子化个人为调整对象,确认和规范人们实际生活中的强弱共存状态,形成身份权利特有的形式与功能,并以"命令—服从"的治理模式替代平等协商机制,在身份关系的变动中体现对意思自治的限制。

The basic presumptions of the status system in private law differ from those of traditional civil law. The traditional theories in private law can not satisfactorily define status relationships, and most of the general rules in German Civil Law do not dominate status law. With individual relationships and structural existence of civil society as the presumptions, the construction of the status system in private law confirms that the state of human being＇s existence is a model of ＂individual-identity body-civil society＂. Individual lives in the identity body, which is an important carrier of private order as well as the organization or community where people live and develop. As a status unit, it allocates specific benefits to specific groups so as to meet the needs of its members. Members can share the benefits of the identity body, with their internal and external relationships defined by their statuses. They enjoy the rights, burden the obligations, and are bound by the internal rules within an identity body. The logic of an identity body is that status decides power, and power decides benefit share. Allocation-type status arranges status posts within an identity body. Thus the differentiated order is realized by endowing different statuses and benefits to individuals. Remedial status defines homogeneous members according to certain natural and social attributes to remedy the inequality resulting from the operation of allocation-type statuses. As a result, the inequality can be controlled in an acceptable scope. The elements of the status system include status benefits, value orientation, differentiation mechanism, behavioral rules and external marks. The construction of status system should be innovated by defying the traditional theoretic presumptions of private law. The status system regulates a particular type of organization or community instead of an individual and recognizes the coexistence of the strong and the weak in the real life. Thus the special forms and functions of status rights are established, with their object directly pointing to benefit shares. The status system applies the governance pattern of ＂order-obedience＂ in place of equal consultation, and the functions of party autonomy are restricted in the process of creating, altering and terminating status legal relationship.